a mutation results in the alteration of DNA sequences, which leads to changes in both the genotype and the phenotype of an organism . Following the Central Dogma of molecular biology, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and finally to Protein . A change in the DNA sequence at a genetic locus typically results in a change in the sequence of amino acids during translation, which constitutes the protein structure . A classical example provided is sickle-cell anaemia, where a point mutation in the beta-globin gene causes the substitution of glutamic acid with valine, altering the protein structure and changing the organism's character . Mastering these fundamental molecular concepts is essential, as NCERT textbooks serve as the primary source for approximately 95% of NEET Biology questions .