Progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used as contraceptives by females as injections or implants under their skin. When used in this manner, they:
do not affect the release of the ovum
induce a foreign body reaction leading to rejection of the implanted blastocyst
can cause increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
have a much longer effective period
According to the NCERT text, progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can be used as injections or implants. Their mode of action is similar to that of oral pills (inhibiting ovulation and implantation), but explicitly, "their effective periods are much longer" .
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