Generally, ionization enthalpy increases across a period from left to right. However, there are two important anomalies in the second period involving the elements given:
- Boron (B) vs. Beryllium (Be): Beryllium (Z=4) has a stable, fully filled 2s subshell (1s22s2). Boron (Z=5) has the configuration 1s22s22p1. The 2s electron penetrates closer to the nucleus than the 2p electron and is more strongly attracted. Therefore, it is easier to remove the 2p electron from Boron than the 2s electron from Beryllium. Thus, IE1(B)<IE1(Be).
- Oxygen (O) vs. Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen (Z=7) has a stable, half-filled 2p subshell (1s22s22p3). Oxygen (Z=8) has the configuration 1s22s22p4. The repulsion between the two electrons occupying the same 2p orbital in oxygen makes it easier to remove one electron compared to the stable half-filled configuration of nitrogen. Thus, IE1(O)<IE1(N).
Combining these trends with the general increase across the period, the correct order is: B < Be < C < O < N.