The trans-effect is the ability of a coordinated ligand to direct the substitution of the ligand occupying the position trans (opposite) to itself. The intensity of the trans-effect follows an empirical series.
- General Order: Strong π-acceptors > Strong σ-donors > Weak π-donors/Weak σ-donors.
- Specific Ligands:
- CN− (Cyanide): A very strong trans-directing ligand due to strong σ-bonding and π-backbonding capabilities. It is at the high end of the series.
- C6H5− (Phenyl): A strong σ-donor ligand, typically placed higher than halides but lower than cyanide.
- Br− (Bromide): A halide, acts as a weak to moderate trans-director. Its effect is less than that of CN− or C6H5− but greater than neutral amines.
- NH3 (Ammonia): A neutral ligand with no π-bonding capability, acting as a relatively weak trans-director.
- Conclusion: The decreasing order of trans-effect is: CN−>C6H5−>Br−>NH3. (Note: Although the question asks for 'increasing' order, the options use the '>' symbol, indicating a decreasing sequence from left to right, which matches the standard series).