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The d-electron configurations of Cr²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺ and Ni²⁺ are 3d⁴, 3d⁵, 3d⁶ and 3d⁸ respectively. Which one of the following aqua complexes will exhibit the minimum paramagnetic behaviour? (At. No. Cr = 24, Mn = 25, Fe = 26, Ni = 28)

A

[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺

B

[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺

C

[Ni(H₂O)₆]²⁺

D

[Cr(H₂O)₆]²⁺

Step-by-Step Solution

Paramagnetic behaviour is directly proportional to the number of unpaired electrons (nn). The magnetic moment is given by μ=n(n+2)\mu = \sqrt{n(n+2)} BM. Water (H2OH_2O) is a weak field ligand , so these complexes are 'high spin', meaning electrons will occupy higher energy orbitals before pairing up (following Hund's rule).

  1. [Cr(H2O)6]2+[Cr(H_2O)_6]^{2+} (3d43d^4): Configuration t2g3eg1t_{2g}^3 e_g^1. Unpaired electrons (nn) = 4.
  2. [Mn(H2O)6]2+[Mn(H_2O)_6]^{2+} (3d53d^5): Configuration t2g3eg2t_{2g}^3 e_g^2. Unpaired electrons (nn) = 5 (Maximum) .
  3. [Fe(H2O)6]2+[Fe(H_2O)_6]^{2+} (3d63d^6): Configuration t2g4eg2t_{2g}^4 e_g^2. Pairing occurs in one t2gt_{2g} orbital. Unpaired electrons (nn) = 4 .
  4. [Ni(H2O)6]2+[Ni(H_2O)_6]^{2+} (3d83d^8): Configuration t2g6eg2t_{2g}^6 e_g^2. The t2gt_{2g} set is fully filled (6 electrons), leaving 2 unpaired electrons in the ege_g set. Unpaired electrons (nn) = 2 .

Since Ni2+Ni^{2+} has the minimum number of unpaired electrons (2), it exhibits the minimum paramagnetic behaviour.

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