The shape of a molecule or ion can be determined using VSEPR theory and hybridization:
- NO2−: The central nitrogen atom is sp2 hybridized and possesses one lone pair of electrons, resulting in a bent or V-shape.
- SO2: The central sulphur atom is sp2 hybridized and has one lone pair of electrons, giving it a bent shape.
- NO2+: The central nitrogen atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms via double bonds and has zero lone pairs. It undergoes sp hybridization, resulting in a perfectly linear shape with a bond angle of 180∘.
- O3: The central oxygen atom in ozone is sp2 hybridized and contains one lone pair, which also leads to a bent shape.