In the equation GPP - R = NPP, where GPP is Gross Primary Productivity and NPP is Net Primary Productivity, R here is ___________

Given below are two statements: Statement I: The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is solar energy. Statement II: The rate of production of organic matter photosynthesis in an ecosystem is called net primary productivity (NPP). In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Given below are two statements: Statement I: In an ecosystem, there is unidirectional flow of energy of sun from producers to consumers. Statement II: Ecosystems are exempted from 2nd law of thermodynamics. In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Consider the pyramid of energy of an ecosystem given below : If T4 is equivalent to 1000 J, what is the value of T1?

Which of the following is not correct regarding the decomposition of wastes?

Which of the following ecological pyramids is generally inverted?

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Who is known as the father of Ecology in India?

In an ecosystem, if the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of first trophic level is 100x (kcal m−2) yr−1, what would be the GPP (Gross Primary Productivity) of the third trophic level of the same ecosystem?